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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1860 |
| | | South Carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln's election | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Charles Dickens begins serial publication of his novel "Great Expectations" (in book form 1861) | |
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| 1860 |
| | | George Eliot publishes The Mill on the Floss, her novel about the childhood of Maggie and Tom Tulliver | |
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| 1861 |
| | | The Liberals recover Mexico City and elect Benito Juarez as president | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Seven southern states, meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, agree to form the Confederate States of America | |
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| 1861 |
| | | The seven members of the newly formed Condederacy elect Jefferson Davis as their provisional president | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Lagos, on the coast of Nigeria, is annexed as a British colony when the royal family prove unable or unwilling to end the slave trade | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of a united Italy, with only Rome and Venetia remaining outside his realm | |
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| 1861 |
| | | After four years of consultation, Alexander II issues a decree freeing Russia's millions of serfs | |
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| 1861 |
| | | English chemist and physicist William Crookes isolates a new element, thallium | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Richmond, the state capital of Virginia, becomes the capital of the Southern Confederacy | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Shots are fired against the Federal military garrison in Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour, launching the American Civil War | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Chinese immigrants to Australia are the victims of violent racial attacks at Lambing Flat | |
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| 1861 |
| | | An official National Eisteddfod is held for the first time in Wales, in Aberdare | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Mathew Brady sends teams ot photographers to the various battle fronts to ensure a thorough photographic record of the American Civil War | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Benito Juarez, president of a bankrupt Mexico, suspends interest payment on the nation's foreign debt | |
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| 1861 |
| | | The first battle of the American Civil War, fought near Manassas and the Bull Run Creek, is a clear Confederate victory | |
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| 1861 |
| | | At Pavón the provincial troops of Buenos Aires defeat the Argentinian national army, emphatically demonstrating the power of their city | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Longfellow's narrative poem Paul Revere's Ride dramatizes a turning point at the start of the American Revolution | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Prince Albert dies of typhoid, plunging Victoria into forty years of widowhood and deep mourning | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Hungarian physician Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis publishes his discovery that deaths from puerperal fever can be dramatically reduced by a strict hand-washing routine | |
|  | The dissecting room
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1861 |
| | | Mrs Henry Wood publishes her first novel, East Lynne, which becomes the basis of the most popular of all Victorian melodramas | |
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| 1862 |
| | | A joint French, Spanish and British force lands in Mexico and captures Veracruz, ostensibly to collect the interest on European debts | |
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| 1862 |
| | | The Monitor and the Merrimack fight all morning off the Virginia coast, in history's first clash between ironclad ships | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Julia Ward Howe publishes The Battle Hymn of the Republic, inspired by a visit to Union troops in the American Civil War | |
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| 1862 |
| | | A two-day engagement at Shiloh is the first Civil War battle to bring massive casualties, with more than 23,000 dead, wounded or missing | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Louis Pasteur uses heat to destroy the micro-organisms in liquid food, in the process that becomes known as pasteurization | |
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| 1862 |
| | | In a surprise raid, Union forces sail up the Mississippi estuary to capture New Orleans | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Victor Hugo publishes his novel Les Misérables, an immensely complex story about the adventures of ex-convict Jean Valjean | |
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